{"id":385,"date":"2016-03-08T14:07:01","date_gmt":"2016-03-08T14:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.digitalforensicscorp.com\/blog\/?p=385"},"modified":"2024-12-11T19:26:44","modified_gmt":"2024-12-11T19:26:44","slug":"forensic-analysis-of-sqlite-write-ahead-log-wal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.digitalforensics.com\/blog\/software\/forensic-analysis-of-sqlite-write-ahead-log-wal\/","title":{"rendered":"Forensic analysis of SQLite Write-Ahead Log (WAL)"},"content":{"rendered":"

SQLite databases are a common source of digital evidence during forensic examinations<\/a> both mobile and desktop operating systems.\u00a0Beginning with version 3.7.0, a new “Write-Ahead Log” or WAL feature was introduced and replaced\u00a0rollback journal. In this article we’ll present a brief overview of this SQLite feature and show how to examine WAL-files with open source tools.<\/p>\n

Write-Ahead Log overview<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

So, what’s\u00a0the WAL file’s purpose? \u00a0it implements atomic commit and rollback. Write-ahead logs allow the database engine not to touch the main database file for writing \u00a0a new or altered page, instead a separate WAL-file is used.\u00a0This file can be found in the same directory as the database file and also has the same name as the database, but with 4 character added to the end – “-wal” (Fig. 1).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"iPhone_SMS_recovery\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1. A WAL-file extracted from a jailbroken iPhone\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The new data remains in the WAL-file until committed by the “Checkpoint” event. This event occurs automatically after the WAL-file reaches a certain size – by default it’s 1000 pages.<\/p>\n

As you can see, it’s a digital forensic goldmine – just imagine, a thousand records, especially when we are talking about instant messaging or web browsing data.<\/p>\n

There is another file on figure 1 – an SHM-file or\u00a0Shared-Memory File. These files are used as indexes for the WAL files and contain no persistent content.\u00a0The only purpose of such\u00a0files is to provide a block of shared memory for use by multiple processes all accessing the same database in WAL mode.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Extracting data from WAL-files<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

There are a lot of commercial forensic suites capable of extracting data from\u00a0Write-Ahead Log files. For example, Oxygen Forensic and Belkasoft Evidence Center can accomplish this task with ease and style. Let’s see how to perform a forensic analysis of a WAL-file with\u00a0Belkasoft Evidence Center.<\/p>\n

Create a new case and choose “Selected folder” as the source – we’ll be examining a folder\u00a0with three files, presented earlier (fig 2.).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Belkasoft_WAL_analysis_1\"<\/p>\n

Figure 2. Selecting the source folder<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

We know that our database is an iOS SMS database, so we tell BEC to parse only this data (fig. 3).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Belkasoft_WAL_analysis_2\"<\/p>\n

Figure 3. Selecting iOS Sms to be parsed<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Now let’s go to the SQLite viewer. There are 12771 records in the “message” table, 159 of which are colored in blue – these are record, extracted from the WAL-file. Now just check these item and create the report right clicking on the table and choosing “Create report for checked items…”.<\/p>\n

Yes, it’s that simple\u00a0if you use a commercial forensic suite like Belkasoft Evidence Center.<\/p>\n

But what about an open source alternative? We’ve found one for you! It’s developed by Kyeongsik Lee and called “Walitean”. You can download this\u00a0WAL journal forensic toolkit here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Here is how to use it:<\/p>\n

python walitean.py -f [WAL FILE] -x [EXPORT FILENAME(SQLITE DB)]<\/em><\/p>\n

As a result you’ll get a database file with all the data, contained in the WAL-file which can be examined\u00a0with your favorite SQLite viewer.<\/p>\n

About the authors:<\/h2>\n

Igor Mikhaylov<\/a><\/p>\n

Interests: Computer, Cell Phone & Chip-Off Forensics<\/p>\n

Oleg Skulkin<\/a><\/p>\n

Interests: iOS forensics, Android forensics, Mac OS X forensics, Windows forensics, Linux forensics<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"SQLite databases are a common source of digital evidence during forensic examinations both mobile and desktop operating systems.\u00a0Beginning…","protected":false},"author":126,"featured_media":255,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"csco_display_header_overlay":false,"csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-385","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-software","8":"cs-entry"},"yoast_head":"\nForensic analysis of SQLite Write-Ahead Log (WAL)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Uncover hidden evidence in SQLite databases. 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